Gut imbalances in autism linked to brain and behavior changes

A new USC study suggests that gut imbalances in children with autism may create an imbalance of metabolites in the digestive system – ultimately disrupting neurotransmitter production and influencing behavioral symptoms.

The research, published today in Nature Communications, adds to a growing body of science implicating the “gut-brain” axis in autism. The discovery raises the possibility of new treatment avenues. It’s an example of how research at USC, and other universities, drives innovation and leads to discoveries that improve lives.

We demonstrated that gut metabolites impact the brain, and the brain, in turn, affects behavior. Essentially, the brain acts as the intermediary between gut health and autism-related behaviors. Previous studies highlighted differences in gut microbiomes and brain structures in autism, but our research connects the dots.”

Lisa Aziz-Zadeh, first author, professor at the Brain and Creativity Institute, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

The gut-brain connection is not as far-fetched as it might seem. From an evolutionary perspective, the gut was likely the first “brain,” explained Aziz-Zadeh, who also is a professor at USC Dornsife’s Department of Psychology and the USC Mrs. T.H. Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy.

In fact, most of the neurons from the gut send signals to the brain; there are actually more neurons in the gut than in the spinal cord. About 90% of the neural signals between the gut and brain travel from the gut to the brain, while only 10% go in the opposite direction.

This constant communication explains why we talk about “gut instinct” or “feeling it in your gut.” Many emotions are processed through gut-related mechanisms, a concept known as interoception – the perception of internal bodily sensations.

For the study, researchers collected behavioral data, brain imaging data and stool samples from 43 children with autism and 41 neurotypical children aged 8-17. From the stool samples, they analyzed metabolites produced by gut bacteria that break down food in the digestive system.

The researchers then correlated these metabolites with brain differences observed in children with autism and their behavioral characteristics. They homed in on the “tryptophan pathway” by which tryptophan, an amino acid found in many foods, is broken down into several metabolites, including serotonin.

Serotonin is crucial for emotional processing, social interaction, learning and other brain functions. Since much of the body’s serotonin originates in the gut microbiome, changes in gut health can influence serotonin production.

“We know that children with autism have brain differences – certain parts of their brain are either less active or more active compared to typically developing children,” Aziz-Zadeh said. “We also know they often experience gastrointestinal issues, such as constipation, stomach pain and other digestive problems. Additionally, autism is associated with various symptoms, including repetitive behaviors and social difficulties.”

Sofronia Ringold, a doctoral student at the Brain and Creativity Institute who worked on the study, said she was excited by the possibility of interventions that might target the gut and influence neural activity and behavior “while also hopefully alleviating some of the symptoms that are the most uncomfortable for them.”

In addition to Aziz-Zadeh and Ringold, other authors of the study are Aditya Jayashankar, Emily Kilroy, Ravi Bhatt and Christiana Butera, of USC; and Jonathan Jacobs, Skylar Tanartkit, Swapna Joshi, Mirella Dapretto, Jennifer Labus and Emeran Mayer, all of UCLA.

The research was supported by a grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD079432) and a grant from the Department of Defense’s Idea Development Award (AR170062).